Discovery of a Dozen Rare Quadruply Imaged Quasars
Combining Machine-learning methods with the data from several ground and space-based telescopes lead to the discovery of rare "quadruply imaged quasars" that can help solve cosmological mysteries.
The Gaia Gravitational Lenses Working Group (GraL) of astronomers has discovered a dozen quasars that have been warped by a naturally occurring cosmic "lens" and split into four similar images. Quasars are extremely luminous cores of distant galaxies that are powered by super-massive black holes.
Quadruply imaged quasars are rare and the first quadruple image was discovered in 1985. Over the past four decades, astronomers had found about fifty of these “quadruply imaged quasars” or quads for short, which occur when the gravity of a massive galaxy that happens to sit in front of a quasar splits its single image into four. This study, which spanned only a year and a half, increases the number of known quads by about 25 percent and demonstrates the power of machine-learning to assist astronomers in their search for these cosmic jewels.
"The quads are gold mines for all sorts of questions. They can help determine the expansion rate of the universe, and help address other mysteries, such as dark matter and quasar 'central engines'," says Daniel Stern, lead author of the new study and a research scientist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, USA.
Figure 1: This diagram illustrates how quadruply imaged quasars, or quads for short, are produced on the sky. The light of a distant quasar, lying billions of light-years away, is bent by the gravity of a massive galaxy that happens to sit in front of it, as seen from our point of view on Earth. The bending of the light results in the illusion that the quasar has split into four similar objects surrounding the foreground galaxy. Image credit: R. Hurt (IPAC/Caltech) / The GraL Collaboration.
Cosmological Dilemma
In recent years, a discrepancy has emerged over the precise value of the universe's expansion rate, also known as Hubble-Lemaître’s constant. Two primary means can be used to determine this number: one relies on measurements of the distance and speed of objects in our local universe, and the other extrapolates the rate from models based on distant radiation left over from the birth of our universe, called the cosmic microwave background. The problem is that the numbers do not match. The quasars lie in between the local and distant targets used for the previous calculations, The new quasar quads, which the team gave nicknames such as "Wolf's Paw" and "Dragon Kite," will help in future calculations of Hubble-Lemaître’s constant and may illuminate why the two primary measurements are not in alignment.
Figure 2: Four of the newfound quadruply imaged quasars are shown here: From top left and moving clockwise, the objects are: GraL J1537-3010 or “Wolf’s Paw;" GraL J0659+1629 or “Gemini's Crossbow;" GraL J1651-0417 or "Dragon's Kite;" GraL J2038-4008 or "Microscope Lens." The fuzzy dot in the middle of the images is the lensing galaxy, the gravity of which is splitting the light from the quasar behind it in such a way to produce four quasar images. By modeling these systems and monitoring how the different images vary in brightness over time, astronomers can determine the expansion rate of the universe and help solve cosmological problems. Image credit: The GraL Collaboration.
Humans and Machines Working Together
"Machine learning was key to our study but it is not meant to replace human decisions," explains Krone-Martins. "We continuously train and update the models in an ongoing learning loop, such that humans and the human expertise are an essential part of the loop. When we talk about 'AI' in reference to machine-learning tools like these, it stands for Augmented Intelligence not Artificial Intelligence." In the new study, the researchers used data from WISE, which has relatively coarse resolution, to find likely quasars, and then used the sharp resolution of Gaia to identify which of the WISE quasars were associated with possible quadruply imaged quasars. The researchers then applied machine-learning tools to pick out which candidates were most likely multiply imaged sources and not just different stars sitting close to each other in the sky. Follow-up observations by Keck, Palomar, the New Technology Telescope, and Gemini-South confirmed which of the objects were indeed quadruply imaged quasars lying billions of light-years away.
Confirming candidates with spectral data
Priyanka Jalan, a PhD student at Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Naintial, India and Jean Surdej, Visiting astronomer at ARIES, are co-authors of this new study reporting the discovery of a dozen rare “quadruply imaged quasars”. They have been very actively involved in the reduction and analysis of spectra of quasar components obtained from large ground-based telescopes. “To confirm the pre-selected quadruple images to be a lensed quasar, the optical spectra of each components have to be similar, however, the proximity of nearby sources make it a strenuous task” says Priyanka.
“Many two lensed images of a single quasar have been found in past, however, finding four lensed images is more unusual. It is like searching for a cloverleaf in a large green field. It is thus appropriate to name those mirages “cosmic clover-leaves”” says Jean Surdej, member of GraL and Professor at University of Liege, Belgium, whose interest in this field dates back to 1983. In 2002, Jean proposed to use the Gaia data to search for such cosmic clover-leaves.
Further astrophysical studies of these new cosmic clover-leaves and other multiply imaged quasars with the 3.6m Devasthal Optical Telescope (DOT) and the upcoming 4m International Liquid Mirror Telescope (ILMT) facilities operated by ARIES should lead to an independent determination of the age of the Universe, of its expansion rate (the Hubble- Lemaître’s constant) and of its fate.
“Considering the excellent seeing conditions at Devasthal and frontline back-end instruments, candidate multiply quasar sources can be most suitably observed with the 3.6m DOT” says Brijesh Kumar, Astronomer-in-charge of 3.6m DOT Facility. “Successful observations of a few candidate multiply imaged quasars have just started with the 3.6m DOT facility and the preliminary results show a good data outcome.” says Vibhore Negi, a young researcher at ARIES. “One of the science goals of the upcoming 4m ILMT facility is to probe quasars and it will be instrumental in discovering new lens candidates” says Kuntal Misra of ARIES and Project Scientist for ILMT.
[1] "Gaia GraL: Gaia DR2 Gravitational Lens Systems. VI. Spectroscopic Confirmation and Modeling of Quadruply-Imaged Lensed Quasars," has been accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal, https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.10051
[2] The GraL (Gaia Gravitational Lenses) working group is a collaboration of researchers from Australia, Belgium, Brazil, France, Germany, India, Portugal, Switzerland, and the United States.
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